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• You do not need to use any punctuation before a quotation if it forms part of your own sentence.

Example:聽Dennis cries that he is 鈥渂eing repressed!鈥�

• Use a comma when introducing a quote with a phrase such as 鈥榟e said.鈥�

Example:聽The old man protests, 鈥淚 don鈥檛 want to go on the cart.鈥�

• Place parenthetical citations outside the end quotation mark, but before the punctuation.

Example:聽King Arthur declares, 鈥淟et鈥檚 not go to Camelot. It is a silly place鈥� (13).

• Use a colon when introducing a quotation with a full independent clause (one that can stand on its own).

Example:聽Emily feels frustrated by his response: 鈥淚s there someone else that we can talk to?鈥�

• Use an ellipsis (three periods, sometimes with spaces between: 鈥樷�︹�� ) to indicate an omission in a quotation (Exception: it is not necessary to use an ellipsis when omitting words at the beginning of a quote unless you are using a block quote format).

贰虫补尘辫濒别:听鈥淭he kind of intelligence a genius has 鈥� leaps with ellipses.鈥�

• When you want to omit one or more full sentences, use a period and a space before the three ellipsis dots.

Example:聽鈥淗atred paralyzes life. 鈥� Hatred darkens life; love illuminates it.鈥�

• When you are quoting poetry, use a slash ( / ) to mark a line break.

Example:聽鈥淟et me not to the marriage of true minds / Admit impediments鈥� (1-2).

• Use square brackets to add a word, change a pronoun, or change a verb tense in the quote.

Original quote:鈥淚t鈥檚 my duty as a knight to sample all the peril I can.鈥�

In your essay:聽Sir Galahad thinks 鈥渋t鈥檚 [his] duty as a knight to sample all the peril [he] can.鈥�

• With a question mark or exclamation point, there is no need to use a comma or a period.

Example:聽The interested observer wonders, 鈥淎re you suggesting that coconuts migrate?鈥�

• If the mark is part of your sentence and not part of the quote, it goes outside the last quotation mark.

Example:聽I don鈥檛 think we can ever understand the 鈥渋neluctable modality of the visual鈥�!

• MLA style calls for use of a block quote (indent 10 spaces, or 2 tabs) when citing five or more lines of typed prose or four or more lines of verse. APA style calls for block quotes when citing forty words or more.

Example:

Shall I compare thee to a summer鈥檚 day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate. / Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summer鈥檚 lease hath all too short a date. (1-4)

• When using a quote within a quote, single quotation marks are used for the inner quote.

Example:聽Josh laments, 鈥淓very time I try to talk to someone it鈥檚 鈥榮orry this鈥� and 鈥榝orgive me that.鈥欌��